Lifestyle a

Lifestyle was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929. The current broader sense of the word dates from 1961.[1]

In sociology, a lifestyle is the way a person lives. A lifestyle is a characteristic bundle of behaviors that makes sense to both others and oneself in a given time and place, including social relations, consumption, entertainment, and dress. The behaviors and practices within lifestyles are a mixture of habits, conventional ways of doing things, and reasoned actions. A lifestyle typically also reflects an individual's attitudes, values or worldview. Therefore, a lifestyle is a means of forging a sense of self and to create cultural symbols that resonate with personal identity. Not all aspects of a lifestyle are entirely voluntaristic. Surrounding social and technical systems can constrain the lifestyle choices available to the individual and the symbols she/he is able to project to others and the self.[2]

The lines between personal identity and the everyday doings that signal a particular lifestyle become blurred in modern society.[3] For example, "green lifestyle" means holding beliefs and engaging in activities that consume fewer resources and produce less harmful waste (i.e. a smaller carbon footprint), and deriving a sense of self from holding these beliefs and engaging in these activities. Some commentators argue that, in Modernity, the cornerstone of lifestyle construction is consumption behavior, which offers the possibility to create and further individualize the self with different products or services that signal different ways of life.

Rape, Definition and History

RAPE

Rape, also referred to the sexual assault is an assault by a person involving sexual intercourse or sexual penetration with another person without his consent. Rape is generally considered a sex crime and a civil assault.

The rate of reporting, prosecutions and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of the United States for victims of rape are women. In a survey of women, two percent of respondents who said they were victims of sexual assault said the attack was perpetrated by a stranger.

When part of a widespread and systematic rape and sexual slavery are recognized as crimes against humanity and war crimes. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide if committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted group.

Definitions

Although definitions vary, rape is defined as in most provinces have sex, or other forms of sexual penetration by a person ( "the accused" or "author"), with or against a another person ( "the victim") without the consent of the victim.

The term sexual assault is closely linked to the rape. Some jurisdictions define "rape" covers only acts involving penile penetration of the vagina, treating all other types of non-consensual sexual activity as sexual assault. Set all other territories of non-consensual sexual activity rape. But the terminology varies, in some places using other terms. For example, Michigan, United States uses the term "criminal lifestyle". In some countries, rape is defined as sexual penetration of the victim, who in May include penetration with objects rather than parts of the body. Some jurisdictions also rape to include the use of sex organs of one or the other parties, such as oral copulation and masturbation.

In recent years, women were convicted of rape and sexual violence against men, for example, the use of an object or when the man is below the age of consent. Also, in recent years, women were also convicted of rape or sexual assault by hiring a man to rape a woman and being an accomplice to rape.

In England and Wales, the rape of men is recognized by the legal system as a crime. In Scotland, rape is a gender specific crime, it can only be committed by men on women. Oral and anal rape of men is not legally rape, or digital penetration is sufficient.

In Brazil, the definition of rape is even more restrictive. It is defined as non-consensual vaginal. Therefore, unlike most of Europe and the Americas, men of rape, anal rape and oral rape are not considered rape. Instead, such an act is called an "attempt to violence against a person of modesty" ( "atentado violento ao pudor"). The penalty, however, is the same.


HISTORY

In the past, rape was regarded less as a kind of assault on women, that serious crimes against property against the man to whom she belonged, usually the father or husband. The loss of virginity is a particularly serious. Damage due to the loss of virginity has been taken into account in its reduced prospects of a husband and his bride price. This was particularly true in the case of the virgin bride, as the loss of chastity is seen as the depreciation of its value to a future husband. In this case, the right to cancel the betrothal and demand financial compensation from the rapist, payable to the housekeeper, whose "goods" were "damaged". According to biblical law, rape may be forced to marry an unmarried woman instead of receiving the civil penalty if his father agreed. This was particularly prevalent in the laws where the crime of rape did not, as is necessary, the violation of the woman's body, thus dividing the crime in the sense of a rape and a plea for a man and a woman to force their families to marriage license. (See Deuteronomy 22:28-29.)

The word rape itself comes from the Latin verb rapere: to seize or take by force. The word originally had no sexual connotation and is still used generically in English. The history of rape, and changes its meaning, is quite complex. In Roman law, rape was classified as a form of screws crimen, "crime of aggression." Unlike the theft or robbery, rape is a "bad public iniuria publication versus a "bad private iniuria privite. Caesar Augustus enacted reforms to the crime of rape under the law of aggression Lex Iulia de vi publica, which bears his name, Iulia. It was under this statute rather than the status of adultery Lex Iulia Rome adulteriis that prosecution of this crime. Emperor Justinian confirmed the continued use of the law to rape during the 6th century in the Roman Empire Oriental [13]. By the end of antiquity, the general term raptus spoke of the abduction, runaway, theft or rape in its modern sense. Confusion over the term church led commentators on the right to make a difference in raptus seductionis (fugue without parental consent) and raptus violentiae (rape). These two forms of raptus a civil fine and possible excommunication from the family and the village of receipt of the Women abducted, raptus violentiae as well as the punishments of mutilation or death.

In classical antiquity, Greece and Rome in the colonial period, rape with arson, treason and murder was a capital crime. "Those who commit rape have been subject to a wide range of sanctions that were apparently capital brutal, often bloody, and sometimes spectacular." In the 12th century, the victim's parents had the possibility of carrying out the sentence themselves. "In England in the early fourteenth century, a victim of rape may be expected to grooves on the eyes and / or cut off the testicles of the offender himself."

The medieval theologian Thomas Aquinas argued that rape, even though sinful, was much more acceptable that masturbation or coitus interruptus, as it fulfilled the functions of procreation sex, while the other acts in violation of the subject of sex.

During the colonization of the Americas, the rape of women has not been held to be a crime under Spanish law that the people were pagans, not Christians.

English common law defined rape as "carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will." The common law defined as carnal penetration sex organ by the male body (covering all other actions under the crime of sodomy). The crime of rape is unique in the respect that it focused on the victim's state of mind and actions in addition to the defendant. The victim was necessary to prove a continued state of physical resistance, and consent was conclusively presumed when a man has sex with his wife. "One of the most often quoted passages in our jurisprudence on the issue rape is Lord Chief Justice Sir Matthew Hale of the 17th century, "... rape is an accusation easy to make and difficult to prove and difficult to be defended by the party accused, tho not so innocent." Lord Hale is also the source of the remark, "In a rape case, he is the victim, not the defendant, who is on trial. "However, as noted by Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, in 1769 the common law has recognized that even a prostitute could face rape if she had not consented to the act.

The system of modern criminal justice is widely seen as unfair to victims of sexual assault. Sexist stereotypes and common law combined to make rape a "criminal procedure on which the victim and her behavior were tried rather than the accused". In addition, laws have fought the sexist old view that rape never happens to men, while other laws have completely eliminated the term.

Since the 1970s many changes have occurred in the perception of sexual assault due in large part to the feminist movement and its public characterization of rape as a crime of power and control rather than purely sexual. In some countries, women's liberation movement of the 1970s created the first rape centers. One of the first centers of rape, the DC Rape Crisis Center, which opened in 1972. It was created to promote awareness and understanding of rape and its effects on the victim. In 1960 law enforcement cited false reporting rates of 20%. In 1973, statistics have dropped to 15%. After 1973, the New York Police Department used female officers to investigate sexual assault cases and the rate fell to 2% according to the FBI. (Dicanio, 1993).

Male-male rape has always been kept secret because of stigma associated with men to be raped by other men. According to psychologist Dr Sarah Crome less than one in ten men men rapes are reported. As a group, men of rape victims reported a lack of services and support, and legal systems are often poorly equipped to deal with this type of crime. .

Most legal codes on rape were not laws against rape of women and men that rape is generally defined to include the act of penetration, on behalf of the attacker. In 2007, South Africa, police have investigated cases of rape of young women from men