Lifestyle was originally coined by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in 1929. The current broader sense of the word dates from 1961.[1]
In sociology, a lifestyle is the way a person lives. A lifestyle is a characteristic bundle of behaviors that makes sense to both others and oneself in a given time and place, including social relations, consumption, entertainment, and dress. The behaviors and practices within lifestyles are a mixture of habits, conventional ways of doing things, and reasoned actions. A lifestyle typically also reflects an individual's attitudes, values or worldview. Therefore, a lifestyle is a means of forging a sense of self and to create cultural symbols that resonate with personal identity. Not all aspects of a lifestyle are entirely voluntaristic. Surrounding social and technical systems can constrain the lifestyle choices available to the individual and the symbols she/he is able to project to others and the self.[2]
The lines between personal identity and the everyday doings that signal a particular lifestyle become blurred in modern society.[3] For example, "green lifestyle" means holding beliefs and engaging in activities that consume fewer resources and produce less harmful waste (i.e. a smaller carbon footprint), and deriving a sense of self from holding these beliefs and engaging in these activities. Some commentators argue that, in Modernity, the cornerstone of lifestyle construction is consumption behavior, which offers the possibility to create and further individualize the self with different products or services that signal different ways of life.
Friday, May 29, 2009
Lifestyle a
Rape, Definition and History
RAPE
Rape, also referred to the sexual assault is an assault by a person
involving sexual intercourse or sexual penetration with another person without his consent. Rape is generally considered a sex crime and a civil assault.
The rate of reporting, prosecutions and convictions for rape varies considerably in different jurisdictions. The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (1999) estimated that 91% of the United States for victims of rape are women. In a survey of women, two percent of respondents who said they were victims of sexual assault said the attack was perpetrated by a stranger.
When part of a widespread and systematic rape and sexual slavery are recognized as crimes against humanity and war crimes. Rape is also recognized as an element of the crime of genocide if committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a targeted group.
Definitions
Although definitions vary, rape is defined as in most provinces have sex, or other forms of sexual penetration by a person ( "the accused" or "author"), with or against a another person ( "the victim") without the consent of the victim.
The term sexual assault is closely linked to the rape. Some jurisdictions define "rape" covers only acts involving penile penetration of the vagina, treating all other types of non-consensual sexual activity as sexual assault. Set all other territories of non-consensual sexual activity rape. But the terminology varies, in some places using other terms. For example, Michigan, United States uses the term "criminal lifestyle". In some countries, rape is defined as sexual penetration of the victim, who in May include penetration with objects rather than parts of the body. Some jurisdictions also rape to include the use of sex organs of one or the other parties, such as oral copulation and masturbation.
In recent years, women were convicted of rape and sexual violence against men, for example, the use of an object or when the man is below the age of consent. Also, in recent years, women were also convicted of rape or sexual assault by hiring a man to rape a woman and being an accomplice to rape.
In England and Wales, the rape of men is recognized by the legal system as a crime. In Scotland, rape is a gender specific crime, it can only be committed by men on women. Oral and anal rape of men is not legally rape, or digital penetration is sufficient.
In Brazil, the definition of rape is even more restrictive. It is defined as non-consensual vaginal. Therefore, unlike most of Europe and the Americas, men of rape, anal rape and oral rape are not considered rape. Instead, such an act is called an "attempt to violence against a person of modesty" ( "atentado violento ao pudor"). The penalty, however, is the same.
HISTORY
In the past, rape was regarded less as a kind of assault on women, that serious crimes against property against the man to whom she belonged, usually the father or husband. The loss of virginity is a particularly serious. Damage due to the loss of virginity has been taken into account in its reduced prospects of a husband and his bride price. This was particularly true in the case of the virgin bride, as the loss of chastity is seen as the depreciation of its value to a future husband. In this case, the right to cancel the betrothal and demand financial compensation from the rapist, payable to the housekeeper, whose "goods" were "damaged". According to biblical law, rape may be forced to marry an unmarried woman instead of receiving the civil penalty if his father agreed. This was particularly prevalent in the laws where the crime of rape did not, as is necessary, the violation of the woman's body, thus dividing the crime in the sense of a rape and a plea for a man and a woman to force their families to marriage license. (See Deuteronomy 22:28-29.)
The word rape itself comes from the Latin verb rapere: to seize or take by force. The word originally had no sexual connotation and is still used generically in English. The history of rape, and changes its meaning, is quite complex. In Roman law, rape was classified as a form of screws crimen, "crime of aggression." Unlike the theft or robbery, rape is a "bad public iniuria publication versus a "bad private iniuria privite. Caesar Augustus enacted reforms to the crime of rape under the law of aggression Lex Iulia de vi publica, which bears his name, Iulia. It was under this statute rather than the status of adultery Lex Iulia Rome adulteriis that prosecution of this crime. Emperor Justinian confirmed the continued use of the law to rape during the 6th century in the Roman Empire Oriental [13]. By the end of antiquity, the general term raptus spoke of the abduction, runaway, theft or rape in its modern sense. Confusion over the term church led commentators on the right to make a difference in raptus seductionis (fugue without parental consent) and raptus violentiae (rape). These two forms of raptus a civil fine and possible excommunication from the family and the village of receipt of the Women abducted, raptus violentiae as well as the punishments of mutilation or death.
In classical antiquity, Greece and Rome in the colonial period, rape with arson, treason and murder was a capital crime. "Those who commit rape have been subject to a wide range of sanctions that were apparently capital brutal, often bloody, and sometimes spectacular." In the 12th century, the victim's parents had the possibility of carrying out the sentence themselves. "In England in the early fourteenth century, a victim of rape may be expected to grooves on the eyes and / or cut off the testicles of the offender himself."
The medieval theologian Thomas Aquinas argued that rape, even though sinful, was much more acceptable that masturbation or coitus interruptus, as it fulfilled the functions of procreation sex, while the other acts in violation of the subject of sex.
During the colonization of the Americas, the rape of women has not been held to be a crime under Spanish law that the people were pagans, not Christians.
English common law defined rape as "carnal knowledge of a woman forcibly and against her will." The common law defined as carnal penetration sex organ by the male body (covering all other actions under the crime of sodomy). The crime of rape is unique in the respect that it focused on the victim's state of mind and actions in addition to the defendant. The victim was necessary to prove a continued state of physical resistance, and consent was conclusively presumed when a man has sex with his wife. "One of the most often quoted passages in our jurisprudence on the issue rape is Lord Chief Justice Sir Matthew Hale of the 17th century, "... rape is an accusation easy to make and difficult to prove and difficult to be defended by the party accused, tho not so innocent." Lord Hale is also the source of the remark, "In a rape case, he is the victim, not the defendant, who is on trial. "However, as noted by Sir William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, in 1769 the common law has recognized that even a prostitute could face rape if she had not consented to the act.
The system of modern criminal justice is widely seen as unfair to victims of sexual assault. Sexist stereotypes and common law combined to make rape a "criminal procedure on which the victim and her behavior were tried rather than the accused". In addition, laws have fought the sexist old view that rape never happens to men, while other laws have completely eliminated the term.
Since the 1970s many changes have occurred in the perception of sexual assault due in large part to the feminist movement and its public characterization of rape as a crime of power and control rather than purely sexual. In some countries, women's liberation movement of the 1970s created the first rape centers. One of the first centers of rape, the DC Rape Crisis Center, which opened in 1972. It was created to promote awareness and understanding of rape and its effects on the victim. In 1960 law enforcement cited false reporting rates of 20%. In 1973, statistics have dropped to 15%. After 1973, the New York Police Department used female officers to investigate sexual assault cases and the rate fell to 2% according to the FBI. (Dicanio, 1993).
Male-male rape has always been kept secret because of stigma associated with men to be raped by other men. According to psychologist Dr Sarah Crome less than one in ten men men rapes are reported. As a group, men of rape victims reported a lack of services and support, and legal systems are often poorly equipped to deal with this type of crime. .
Most legal codes on rape were not laws against rape of women and men that rape is generally defined to include the act of penetration, on behalf of the attacker. In 2007, South Africa, police have investigated cases of rape of young women from men
Bikini N History
BIKINI
This article is about the swimsuit women. For other uses, see Bikini (disambiguation).
Woman wearing a bikini
A bikini or two women is a piece swimsuit with two parts, one covering the breasts (optionally in the case of the monokini), the other the groin (and optionally the buttocks), leaving uncovered an area between the two (optional in the case of Tankini). It is often worn in hot weather or while swimming. The shapes of both parts of a bikini like woman and the lower part can vary from revealing g-string or string in place of memories and modest short-cut. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th edition) describes the bikini as "a woman of little two-piece bathing suit," a short man swimsuit "and" a man or a woman of low-cut briefs. "
The bikini, which was shocked at his appearance on French beaches in 1947, was an invention Greco-Roman [1]. The modern bikini was invented by engineer Louis french Réard in 1946. It was named after Bikini Atoll in the Pacific, the site of Operation Crossroads nuclear weapon test on July 1 1946. The reasoning is that the burst of excitement created by it would be like a nuclear device. The monokini, bikini variant, is a back formation from bikini, interpreting the first syllable as the Latin prefix bi-meaning "two" or "doubled", and substituting for it mono-meaning "one". Jacques Heim called his bikini atom precursor, named after its size, and Louis Réard said to have "split the Atome" to make it smaller.
From 1949 a report by Los Angeles Times: "The beauty queen bathing Bebe Shoppe-blond, 18 years, Hopkins, Minnesota, received an enthusiastic welcome in Paris, but she said she has not changed opinions about swimwear french. .. . "I do not agree Bikini costumes for American girls," said his investigators french Bebe. "The French may include girls, if they wish, but I still did not agree with the daughters of America"
The bikini is perhaps the most popular beach in women worldwide, according to the french fashion historian Olivier Saillard due to "the power of women, not the power of fashion". As he explains, "The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women." By the mid-2000s became a bikinis U.S. $ 811 million annual business, according to the NPD Group, a consumer information and retail businesses. The bikini has boosted spin-off services like bikini waxing and the sun Industries
HISTORY
The history of the bikini is a checkerboard. The first elements of a bikini as costume goes back to the Chalcolithic period, as the mother-goddess of Catalhoyuk, a large ancient settlement in southern Anatolia, is represented in over two leopard costume is like wearing a modern bikini. Two - pieces of clothing worn by women for sport, are the urns of Greece and paintings dating from 1400 BC. Active women of ancient Greece, was wearing a breastband called mastodeton or apodesmos, which continues to be used as an undergarment in the Middle Ages . While men in ancient Greece perizoma abandoned the upper and partly cut briefs loincloth, women artists and performers continue to wear it. Artwork from the period of Diocletian (286-305 AD) in Villa Romana del Casale in Sicily represents women in garments resembling bikinis mosaic on the ground . Images of ten women, dubbed the "Bikini Girls" , working in clothes that pass as bikinis today are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles on the site . archéologiques, including Pompeii, shows the Roman goddess Venus is wearing a bikini. A statue of Venus in a bikini has been found in the closet in the south-west of Casa della Venere, others were found in the lobby. [14] A statue of Venus was recovered from the tablinum of the house of Julia Felix, and another of the atrium in the garden at Via Dell'Abbondanza.
The modern bikini has begun to emerge again in 1907, when Australian swimmer and performer Annette Kellerman was arrested on a Boston beach for wearing a form-fitting one-piece, which is accepted for women in Swimsuit 1910. Pictures of her were produced as evidence in the Esquire magazine against Postmaster General of the United States legal battle over indecency, in 1943. In 1913, inspired by the introduction of women in Olympic swimming, designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional swimwear two pieces, one near the body of one piece with shorts on the bottom and top short sleeves. In the 1930s, plunged neckline at the back, sleeves and sides cut disappeared. Hollywood has approved the new glamor with films such as Neptune's Daughter in which Esther Williams wore the name of provocative costumes such as "Double Hearing" and "Honey Child". [18] With new materials like nylon lastex and, in 1934, the swimsuit has started near the body and shoulders to the lower sun tanning [19]. burlesque and vaudeville performers wore two-piece held in the years 1920 and 1932, french designer Madeleine Vionnet Midriff offered a presentation in a dress.
By the early 1940s, swimwear two pieces have been common on the beaches of America. Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried swimwear or beach. Pin ups of Hayworth and Esther Williams in the suit have been widely distributed. Finally, the modern bikini was introduced by the french engineer Louis Réard and couturier Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946. Réard was an automotive engineer, but by 1946 he ran his mother near the shop lingerie Folies Bergère in Paris . Heim was working on a new kind of beach costume. It consisted of two pieces, the bottom large enough to cover the wearer's navel. In May 1946, he announced that the world's "smallest bathing suit". Réard named his swimsuit the "bikini", taking the name of the Bikini Atoll, a series of islands in the South Pacific, where tests on the new atomic bomb took place this summer. Historians assume Reard named his swimsuit the "bikini" because he believes prove his style to create reactions in people similar to those created by the U.S. atomic bomb in Japan, one was earlier . Réard sliced on top and bottoms off the advertising as "smaller than the smallest swimsuit." Réard could not find a model to wear his design. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the Casino de Paris. This bikini a string bikini with a g-string back of 30 square inches (194 cm ²) of clothes with newspaper type printed on, was introduced on July 5 Piscine Molitor in a public swimming pool in Paris. Heim of the design was the first door on the beach, clothes, but his name was given by Réard.